TENSES

                    TENSES

A.    Description of Tenses

              Tense is used to show the relation between the action or state described by the verb and the time, which is reflected in the form of the verb. Tense is a grammar term used to indicate whether a sentence (or verb) describes an action in the past, the present or the future. (noun)

           An example of tense is a verb that indicates action is going on now, or a sentence about action taking place now.

               There are two basic tenses in English; the tense present and the past tense. The present is like the base form, although the third person singular adds -s. Regular verb add -ed or -d to show the past tense, while irregular verbs change in many different ways, or not at all in some cases.

     

B.     Types of Tenses

Based on the classification of the time, tenses are divided into four kinds, namely:

1.        PRESENT TENSE

The present teses is a grammatical tence that locates a situation or event in present time. This linguistic definition refers to a concept that indicates a feature of the meaning of a verb. However, in discussions of specific languages, the term "present tense" is often used to refer to a particular grammatical form that, depending on the language, may frequently be used to express the present nature of an action or, in some cases, may be used to express non-present action.. Based of  its activities, present tense is divided into 4 types :

       

a.    Simple Present tense

b.    Present Continuos tense

c.     Present Perfect tense

d.    Present Perfect Continues

2.        PAST TENSE

      The past tense is a grammatical tense that places an action or situation in the past of the current moment (in an absolute tense system), or prior to some specified time that may be in the speaker's past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).  Based of  its activities, past tense is divided into 4 types :

a.    Simple Past tense

b.    Past Continuos tense

c.    Past Perfect tense

d.   Past Perfect Continuos tense

3.        FUTURE TENSES

       In grammar, a future tense  is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future (in an absolute tense system), or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system). Based of  its activities, future tense is divided into 4 types :

a.    Simple Future tense

b.     Future Continuos tense

c.    Future Perfect tense

d.   Future Perfect Continuos tense

4.        PAST FUTURE TENSE

       Past Future Tense is a grammatical tenses that used to talking about something that will be done in the past. Based  of its activities, past future tense is divided into 4 types :

a.    Past Future tense

b.     Past Future tense

c.    Past Future Perfect tense

d.   Past Future Perfect Continuos tense

C.      Examples of Tenses

1. Present Tense

A.  Simple Present

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.  Time signal: Always,everyday,usually ,etc.
Formula :
Positive Sentence: Subject + Verb1 + s/es
Example :

1.      Adrian drinks green tea at breakfast.

2.      Dede usually eats pancake with strawberry ice cream.

3.      Adrian buys a teddy bear at Grand Indonesia.

4.      I watch the java jazz festival with my boyfriend.

5.      We celebrate our anniversarry at Skydinning.

Negative Sentence : Subject + Do not/does not + Verb 1
Example :

1.      I don’t meet our english teacher

2.      I don’t speak english very well

3.      I don’t eat bread for breakfast

4.      We do not  ride cycle every day.

5.      We don’t catch the bus every morning

Interrogative Sentence: Do / does + Subject + Verb

1.    Are you a colleger?

2.    Is it your cat?

3.    Do you learn every night ?

4.    Does she breakfast every morning ?

5.    Do you speak english well?

B.       Present Continuos Tense

      Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.Time signal: Now, Today, Right now, Soon, etc.

Positive Sentence : Subject + To Be + Verb1 + ing
Example:

1.      Raditya Dika is releasing his novel this year

2.      Beyonce is colaborating with Lady gaga

3.      Agnes Monica is flying to New York next month

4.      My boyfriend is buying some roses

5.      Adrian is singing in front of me

 Negative Sentence : Subject + To be + not  + Verb1 + ing
Example :

1.      I am not studying French

2.      Adit is not playing guitar

3.      Raditya Dika is not writing his novel this year

4.      Beyonce is not colaborating with Lady gaga

5.       The dog is not biting that foreign people.

Interrogative : To be + Subject  + Verb1 + ing
Example:

1.      Is she reading novel?

2.      Is he playing football?

3.      Is she eating my cake?

4.       Are you listening music ?

5.       Is she sleeping in the room ?

C.       Present Perfect Tense

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You cannot use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We can use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Formula:

Positive Sentence : Subject + Have/Has + Verb3
Example :

1.      I have been here since nine o’clock

2.      I have known Adit for ten years

3.      I have been to Singapore twice

4.       I have finished the project.

5.      He has eaten in the restaurant this day.

Negative Sentence : Subject + Have/Has + not  + Verb 3
Example :

1.    I haven’t seen Eiffel tower

2.    I has not read a new novel of Raditya Dika

3.    I have not finished my job

4.     We have not prayed.

5.     She has not slept for 2 day.

Interrogative Sentence : Have/has + Subject + Verb3
Example :

1.    Have you ever travelled around Asia?

2.    Have you ever seen java jazz festival?

3.    Has she bought the newest dress of Louis Vuitton?

4.    Have you tried that programs ?

5.    Has it flown from that place ?

D.                Present Perfect Continuos Tense

      We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.
Formula:
Positive Sentence : Subject + Have/has + been + verb +ing
Example :

1.      He has been training Spain since morning

2.      She has been visiting her grandma since seven o’clock

3.      They have been playing football for almost two hours

4.      I Have been living since 1993 in Bekasi.

5.      The boy has been crying since he was a child.

Negative Sentence : Subject + Have/has + not + been + verb + ing
Example :

1.    He have not been training Spain since morning

2.    She has not been visiting her grandma since seven o’clock

3.    They have not been playing football for almost two hours

4.    I Have not been living since 1993 in Bekasi.

5.    The boy has not been crying since he was a child.

Interrogative Sentence : Have/has + Subject + been + verb + ing
Example:

1.      Has he been training Spain since morning?

2.      Has she been visiting her grandma since seven o’clock?

3.      Have they been playing football for almost two hours?

4.      Have we been robbed Bank ?

5.      Has it been stored that bone ?

2.                  Past Tenses

a.  Simple Past Tense
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.Time signal : Yesterday,Last week,last night,a few day ago,etc.
Formula:
Positive Sentence : Subject + Verb2
Example :

1.      I visited Dufan last holiday

2.      My father went to Japan last week

3.      Sisi bought an ice cream at mall

4.      We read a newspaper last Saturday.

5.       You watched TV Last week.

Negative Sentence: Subject + did + not + Verb 1
Example :

1.      I did not visit Dufan last holiday

2.      My father did not go to Japan last week

3.      Sisi did not buy an ice cream at mall

4.      We did not read a newspaper last Saturday

5.      They did not show their skill in that show

Interrogative Sentence: Did  + Subject + Verb1
Example :

1.      Did he visit Dufan last holiday?

2.      Did my father go to Japan last week?

3.      Did Sisi buy an ice cream at mall?

4.      Did He wait in station since one hour ago ?

5.       Did They rest in the hotel ?

B.  Past Continuos Tense
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Time signal:Yesterday,while,when,last night,etc.
Formula :
Positive Sentence: Subject + were/was + verb1 + ing
Example :  

1.      I was watching the concert last month

2.      I was reading a novel yesterday

3.      Adrian was studying history when the phone rang

4.      I was borrowing her Handphone when they came in my class

5.      They were controlling that system.

Negative Sentence: Subject + were/was + not + verb1 + ing
Example :  

1.      I was not watching the concert last month

2.      I was  not reading a novel yesterday

3.      Adrian was not studying history when the phone rang

4.       He was not swimming in that river.

5.      We were not copying that task.

Interrogative Sentence: Were/was + Subject + verb1 + ing
Example :

1.      Was she writing a letter a last Monday?

2.      Were you fishing yesterday afternoon?

3.      Was she swimming in that river?

4.      Were you fetching your friend in station ?

5.      Was she cooking fried rice ?

D.    Past Perfect Tense

          The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
Positive Sentence: Subject + Had + Verb3
Example :

1.      I had already eaten before  I went to Campus

2.      I had type my paper before he offered his help

3.      Adrian went to airport after he had left Indonesia

4.       I had visited that museum.

5.      We had murdered them.

Negative Sentence: Subject + Had + not + Verb3
Example :

1.      Adrian had not been a lawyer

2.      Lana had not gone to the restaurant

3.      I had not typed my paper

4.      The bird had not pecked that tree.

5.      They had not worked in the company

Interrogative Sentence: Had + Subject + Verb3
Example :

1.      Had they visited Bali by the end of month?

2.      Had you finished your homework?

3.      Had you read my novel?

4.       Had She abused her parent ?

5.      Had He got gift from his girl friend ?

D.   Past Perfect Continuos Tense
       We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past. Time signal: When,After.
Positive Sentence: Subject + had + been + Verb + ing
Example :

1.    I had been typing My English assignment until midnight.

2.    She had been studying Japanese for six month

3.    Raka had been playing chess for almost two hours.

4.    Adrian had been looking the girl before he applied her.

5.    It had been perching on the tree before someone shoot it.

Negative Sentence : Subject + had + not + been + Verb + ing
Example :

1.    I had  not been typing My English assignment until midnight.

2.    She had not been studying Japanese for six months.

3.    Raka had not been playing chess for almost two hours.

4.    The Police had not been looking the murder for three mount before they caugt him.

5.     We had not been picking apple before the apple fall.

Interrogative Sentence: Had + Subject + been + Verb + ing
Example :

1.      Had you been working when she came?

2.      Had she been listening to the music when i came?

3.      Had Aida been working at the office when i met her?

4.      Had They been welcoming before their friend came ?

5.      Had Hendra Cs Been Winning before they lose ? 

3. Future Tense

A. Simple Future Tense

        Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.:Time signal: After,tomorrow,soon,later,etc.

Positive Sentence: Subject + Will/Shall + Verb1
Example :

1.      We will watch final of Euro Match in Switzerland next week.

2.      I shall be visit Umang Island next holiday.

3.      I will celebrate my birthday at McDonalds

4.       Adrian will go to Semarang to finish his education.

5.       It will leap if it is happy.

Negative Sentence: Subject + Will/shall + not + Verb1
Example :

1.      We will not watch final of Euro Match in Switzerland next week.

2.      I shall not be visit Umang Island next holiday.

3.      I will not celebrate my birthday at McDonalds

4.      Octavia will not cry althought she is beaten.

5.      We shall not open the door because they will enter.

Interrogative Sentence : Will/shall + Subject + Verb1
Example :

1.      Will he graduate next semester?

2.      Will you invite your ex to your birthday?

3.      Will you celebrate your birthday at KFC?

4.      Will She give her computer to her special boy friend?

5.      Will Herman perform his new pet to you ?

B.   Future Continuos Tense
       Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Time signal: Tonight,next time,tomorrow,etc.
Positive Sentence: Subject + Will/Shall + be + Verb1 + ing
Example :

1.      I will be being at home tomorrow.

2.      Dede will be watching Korean movie Tonight.

3.      I will be swimming in Kuta Beach this afternoon.

4.       Dwi will be shoping in the market.

5.      Delon will be burning the trash tomorrow.

Negative Sentence: Subject + will/shall + not + be + verb1 + ing
Example :

1.      I will not be being at home tomorrow.

2.      Dede will not be watching Korean movie Tonight.

3.      I will not be swimming in Kuta Beach this afternoon.

4.       They will not be expelling that panhandler.

5.       We shall not be quiting party.

Interrogative Sentence: will/shall + Subject + be + verb1 + ing
Example :

1.      Will you be staying in your grandmother’s house next holiday?

2.      Will you be swimming in Kuta Beach this afternoon?

3.      Will we be watching the film tonight?

4.      Will You be draging your cursor?

5.      Will Bagus be hewing that animal sacrifice?

E.                 Future Perfect Tense
           The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.Time signal: After,before,tonight,etc.

Positive Sentence: Subject + will/shall + have + verb3
Example :

1.         Dila will have graduated from Diploma English program by the end of next month.

2.         I shall have read the newest Andrea Hirata’s novel by next month.

3.         Vina will have been in Jogja for a week by then.

4.         Donna will has left Surabaya Tomorrow.

5.         We shall have sawed all tree in this area next Friday.

Negative Sentence: Subject + will/shall + not + have + verb3
Example :

1.      Dila will not have graduated from Diploma English program by the end of next month.

2.      I shall not have read the newest Andrea Hirata’s novel by next month.

3.      Vina will have not been in Jogja for a week by then.

4.      They will not have made that thing.

5.      Rahman will not have read the book.

Interrogative Sentence: Shall/will + Subject + have + verb3
Example :

1.      Will she have moved to her new house by next May?

2.      Will they have gone to China by the end of next month?

3.      Will Rahma have read the book?

4.      Will Doni have met his boss?

5.       Will she have paid her food ?

F.                   Future Perfect Continuos Tense

              We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.Time signal: By midnight,at this time tomorrow,etc.

Positive Sentence: Subject + shall/will + have + been + verb1 + ing
Example :

1.    The baby will not have been sleeping when you go home.

2.    They will have been studying Spain for almost three months by the end of April.

3.    Rani will have been being with Evi when we call her by Wednesday.

4.     We shall have been traping.

5.    Dimas will have been burying.

Negative Sentence: Subject + shall/will + not + have + been + verb1 + ing
Example :

1.    Rani will have not been being with Evi when we call her by Wednesday.

2.     We shall not have been traping.

3.    Dimas will not have been burying.

4.    Yusuf will not have been finishing that project.

5.    Yono will not have been stealing money in the bank.

Interrogative Sentence: Shall/will + Subject + have + been + verb1 + ing
Example :

1.      Will she have been teaching history at this school?

2.      Willl Dimas have been traping?

3.      Will Yono have been stealing money in the bank?

4.      Shall we have been occupying this country next year ?

5.       Will Setyo have been feeling that he will win?

4.                 Past Future Tenses

A.                 Simple Past Future Tense
    

I           Is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in the future. It does not matter if you are correct or not. Future in the Past follows the same basic rules as the Simple Future. "Would" is used to volunteer or promise, and "was going to" is used to plan. Moreover, both forms can be used to make predictions about the future.Time signal: Last month,last night,last week,yesterday etc.

Positive Sentence: Subject + should/would + verb1
Example :

1.      He would help you if you come to the meeting yesterday.

2.      I should watch Justin Bieber concert in Jakarta if I got he ticket.

3.      You should be a shame with your self, because your act so bad.

4.       I should go to Medan the week before.

5.      Oki Would study so that he graduate.

Negative Sentence: Subject + Should/would + not + verb1
Example :

1.      I shouldn’t watch the concert yesterday.

2.      She wouldn’t visit me the week before.

3.      I shouldn’t eat the cake yesterday.

4.      They would not promise if they can’t fulfill the promise.

5.      She would not drive on highway.

Interrogative Sentence: Should/would + Subject + verb1
Example :

1.      Would she watch the concert yesterday?

2.      Should he drive on highway?

3.      Should I visit mu grandmother yesterday?

4.       Would He go to Himalaya ?

5.      Would you eat all food in that party ?

B.   Future Past Continuos Tense
        That is a form stating the time of an event that will be in the past. Time signal: tomorrow,on Monday last week,in march last year,etc.
Positive Sentence: Subject + Should/would + be + verb1 + ing
Example :

1.      Adrian would be visiting me on Friday last week.

2.      We should be watching in the cinema on Tuesday last week.

3.      I would be studying geography in my bedroom yesterday.

4.       I should be working on my thesis last night.

5.       He would be traveling aroun the Asia.

Negative Sentence: Subject + should/would + not + be + verb1 + ing
Example :

1.    Adrian would not be visiting me on Friday last week.

2.    We should not be watching in the cinema on Tuesday last week.

3.    I should not be swimming on the beach .

4.     Neo would not be expelling singing beggar.

5.     Eka would not be laughing alone.

Interrogative Sentence: should/would + Subject + be + verb1 + ing
Example :

1.    Would she be learning Spanish in September last year?

2.    Should I be missing him in June last year?

3.    Would I be swimming on the beach?

4.    Would Gunawan be nailing the shoes ?

5.    Would Andro be needing some nail ?

C.   Future Past Perfect Tense
       We used Future perfect tense to declare an act that would be perfect in the past.

Positive Sentence: Subject + Should/would + have + verb3
Example :

1.    She would have bought a new computer if she had enough money.

2.    I should have come to his birthday party if he invited me.

3.    You should have prepared your presentation well.

4.     I hoped that you would have married before you worked here

5.     Wawan would have hit his enemy when that friend come.

Negative Sentence: Subject + Should/would + not + have + verb3
Example :

1.    She would not have bought a new computer if she had enough money.

2.    I should not have come to his birthday party if you had not asked me.

3.    You should not have prepared your presentation well.

4.     He would not have dried the dress.

5.    We should not have stayed here.

Interrogative Sentence: Should/would + Subject + have + verb3
Example :

1.    Would she  have bought a new computer if she had enough money?

2.    Should  I have come to his birthday party if you had no asked me?

3.    Should we have stayed here?

4.     Should not I have paid if  I had come here?

5.    Would not he have married if he had worked here ?

D.Future Past Perfect Continuos Tense
             That is used to declare an event that has occurred and will take place next in the past. Time signal: By last January, By last Year, etc.

Positive Sentence: Subject + should/would + have + been + verb + ing
Example :

1.      We should have been working here for ten years by last year.

2.       They would have been living in Bekasi for two years by last June.

3.       I should have been learning Spanish for five months by last January.

4.      By last January I should have been working in this office for three year.

5.       By last Fast day she would have been living this a new house for two months.

Negative Sentence: Subject + should/would + not + have + been + verb + ing
Example :

1.      We should not have been working here for ten years by last year.

2.       They would not have been living in Bekasi for two years by last June.

3.       I should have not been learning Spanish for five months by last January.

4.      I should not have been working in this office for three years by last January.

5.        She would not have been talking.

Interrogative Sentence : should/would + subject + have + been + verb + ing
Example :

1.      Should we have been working here for ten years by last year?

2.      Would they have been living in Bekasi for two years by last June?

3.       Should I have been learning Spanish for five months by last January?

4.      Should I have been working ini this office for three years by last January ?

5.      Would she have been theaching grammar for two months by last Saturday ?

Biography

Forum tentor.2011.Metode Cling Semua Materi Bahasa Inggris SMA.Yogyakarta: Pustaka Widyatama

Tangga Pustaka,Redaksi.2008.Cara Praktis Menguasai 16 tenses.Jakarta: Tangga Pustaka

Surya.2008.Contextual English Learning for SMA/MA Grade X.Bandung: Sinergi Pustaka Indonesia

www.wikipedia.com